With the goal to support the energy transition in cities Positive Energy District (PED) can serve as a vision and support to improve technologies and the planning process. A net positive energy balance is possible for new highly efficient buildings with efficient heat pump (HP) systems and on-site renewable energies (RE) even in cold climates. However, reaching PED in existing or in high-density districts on the footprint can be very challenging. Furthermore, the planning of HP systems for PEDs is far more complex due to significantly higher degree of freedom of design. Different energy needs on different temperature levels such as space heating (SH), domestic hot water (DHW) and space cooling have to be considered.
Depending on the load profile, which is a function of the type of bu ...