The energy transition requires new energy carriers, technologies, and infrastructure. H₂ and CO₂ will play important roles. Renewable hydrogen will be used in hard-to-abate sectors like transport and industry, requiring infrastructure for production, transport, and storage. CO₂ will be captured from flue gases or air and either stored (CCS) or used (CCU) in chemical processes. Both cases demand new infrastructure and energy-efficient process design.
Heat integration significantly improves overall process efficiency. Electrolysis, for example, produces low-temperature waste heat (35–58 °C), which can be recovered using heat pumps for district heating. In carbon capture, heat pumps can reduce energy demand in heat driven processes such as amine scrubbers or adsorption process ...